Subject and Verb

1.     Verb in the present tense for third-person

Singular subject(he, she, it and anything those words can stand for) have s- endings

Ex: He loves and she loves and they loves  Matthew loves

2.     Pronouns anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody are always singular

Ex: Everyone has done his or her homework

3.     Phrases such as together with, as well as, and along with are not the same as and.

Ex: The Staff as well as his brothers are going to jail

Note: So The Staff are plural and come before as well as so the verb will be are

4.     Tittle of books, plays, operas, films, and suck works –even when plural in form- take the singular verb because they are perceived as a single entity

Ex: The Pirates of Carribean is Matthew favourite film.

5.     Fractional expressions such as half of, a part of are sometimes singular and sometimes plural, depending on the meaning. Sums and products of mathematical processes are expressed as singular and require singular verbs.

Ex: Two-fifths of the troops were lost in the battle

The sentences refer to the troops

       Four times four divided by two is eight

The senteces refer to mathematical processes

6.     Plural unit words of distance, money, and time take singular verb when one entity is implied but a plural verb inflection when more than one entity is encoded in the subject.

Ex: 1,000 miles is a long distance -> one entity

       10 miles are to be addded to this freeway next year -> more than one entity

7.     The quantifiers all (of), a lot of, lots of, and plenty of take singular verb agreement if the subject the subject noun is uncount but plural verb agreement if the subject head noun is plural.

Ex: A lot of nonsense was published about that incident

The subject is uncountable

       A lot of people were present when it happened

The subject is countable

8.     The conjunction

Ex: Either my father or my brothers are going to sell the house

Before verb the closest is “my brothers” it takes plural so the verb is plural

       Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house

Before verb the closest is “my father” it takes singular so the verb is singular

Objects of Prepositions

1.    

Plural

An object of preposition is a noun or a pronoun that comes after a preposition such as in, at, of, to, by, behind, and on to form a prepositional phrase.

Ex: The trip to the island on Saturday will last for three hours

a.      Island is the object of the preposition to

b.     Saturday is the object of the preposition on

c.      Hours is the object of preposition for

2.     A preposition is followed by a noun or pronoun that is called an object the preposition.

Singular and Plural Nouns

1.     Keywords for singular

Ex: each, every, single, one, and a

2.     Keywords for plural

Ex: both, two, many, several, and various

3.     Table for irregular noun plurals

addendum	addenda or addendums
aircraft	aircraft
alumna	alumnae
alumnus	alumni
analysis	analyses
antenna	antennae or antennas
antithesis	antitheses
apex	apices or apexes
appendix	appendices or appendixes
axis	axes
bacillus	bacilli
bacterium	bacteria
basis	bases
beau	beaux or beaus
bison	bison
bureau	bureaux or bureaus
cactus	cacti or cactus or cactuses
château	châteaux or châteaus
child	children
codex	codices
concerto	concerti or concertos
corpus	corpora
crisis	crises
criterion	criteria or criterions
curriculum	curricula or curriculums
datum	data
deer	deer or deers
diagnosis	diagnoses
die	dice or dies
dwarf	dwarves or dwarfs
ellipsis	ellipses
erratum	errata
faux pas	faux pas
fez	fezzes or fezes
fish	fish or fishes
focus	foci or focuses
foot	feet or foot
formula	formulae or formulas
fungus	fungi or funguses
genus	genera or genuses
goose	geese
graffito	graffiti
grouse	grouse or grouses
half	halves
hoof	hooves or hoofs
hypothesis	hypotheses
index	indices or indexes
larva	larvae or larvas
libretto	libretti or librettos
loaf	loaves
locus	loci
louse	lice
man	men
matrix	matrices or matrixes
medium	media or mediums
memorandum	memoranda or memorandums
minutia	minutiae
moose	moose
mouse	mice
nebula	nebulae or nebulas
nucleus	nuclei or nucleuses
oasis	oases
offspring	offspring or offsprings
opus	opera or opuses
ovum	ova
ox	oxen or ox
parenthesis	parentheses
phenomenon	phenomena or phenomenons
phylum	phyla
quiz	quizzes
radius	radii or radiuses
referendum	referenda or referendums
salmon	salmon or salmons
scarf	scarves or scarfs
self	selves
series	series
sheep	sheep
shrimp	shrimp or shrimps
species	species
stimulus	stimuli
stratum	strata
swine	swine
syllabus	syllabi or syllabuses
symposium	symposia or symposiums
synopsis	synopses
tableau	tableaux or tableaus
thesis	theses
thief	thieves
tooth	teeth
trout	trout or trouts
tuna	tuna or tunas
vertebra	vertebrae or vertebras
vertex	vertices or vertexes
vita	vitae
vortex	vortices or vortexes
wharf	wharves or wharfs
wife	wives
wolf	wolves
woman	women

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

1.     Some nouns are uncountable when we talk about the substance, material, or abstract concept but countable when we talk about one specific item

Ex: Chicken/ a chicken, light/ a light

2.     Some nouns which are usually uncountable can be countable when we refer to a particular variety

Ex: Wine ->  uncountable

       An Excellent Wine -> Countable

3.     Keyword for countable

Ex: many, number, few, fewer

4.     Keyword for uncountable

Ex: much, amount, little, less

Subject and Object Pronouns

Subject	Object
I	Me
You	You
He	Him
She	Her
It	It
We	Us
They	Them

Ex: You should do it for her

Possessives

Possessives Adjectives	Possessives Pronouns
My	Mine
Your	Yours
His	His
Her	Hers
Its	-
Our	Ours
Their	Theirs

1.     Possesive Adjectives is telling the noun

Ex: We will take our car or theirs

After “Our” there is some explanation

2.     Possessive Pronoun is use for certain time

Ex: Our appointment is just after yours

After “Yours” no explanation left

Pronoun Reference

1.     Be Sure that every pronounand possesive agrees with the noun it refers to

2.     You generally check earlier in the sentence for agreement

Ex: The Cookies are for you, so please take it

       In The first example, the singular pronoun it is incorrect because it refers to plural noun cookies. This pronoun should be replaced with the plural pronoun them

       Each person has to sign their application form

       In The second example. The plural possesive adjective there is incorrect because it refers to the singular each person. This adjective should be replaced with the singular his or her

Adjectives and Adverbs

1.     An adjective is a word or set of words that modifies (i.e., describes) a noun or pronoun. Adjectives may come before the word they modify.

Ex: That is a cute puppy.
                   She likes a high school senior.

2.     Adjectives may also follow the word they modify:

            Ex: That puppy looks cute.
                   The technology is state-of-the-art.

3.     An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbs answer how, when, where, why, or to what extent—how often or how much (e.g., daily, completely).

Ex: He speaks slowly (tells how)
       He speaks very slowly (the adverb very tells how slowly)
       She arrived today (tells when)
       She will arrive in an hour (this adverb phrase tells when)
       Let's go outside (tells where)
       We looked in the basement (this adverb phrase tells where)
       Bernie left to avoid trouble (this adverb phrase tells why)
       Jorge works out strenuously (tells to what extent)
       Jorge works out whenever possible (this adverb phrase tells to what extent)

4.      Many adverbs end in -ly, but many do not. Generally, if a word can have -ly added to its adjective form, place it there to form an adverb.

Examples:
She thinks quick/quickly.
How does she think? Quickly.

She is a quick/quickly thinker.
Quick is an adjective describing thinker, so no -ly is attached.

She thinks fast/fastly.
Fast answers the question how, so it is an adverb. But fast never has -ly attached to it.

We performed bad/badly.
Badly describes how we performed, so -ly is added.

5.      Adverbs that answer the question how sometimes cause grammatical problems. It can be a challenge to determine if -ly should be attached. Avoid the trap of -ly with linking verbs such as taste, smell, look, feel, which pertain to the senses. Adverbs are often misplaced in such sentences, which require adjectives instead.

Examples:
Roses smell sweet/sweetly.
Do the roses actively smell with noses? No; in this case, smell is a linking verb—which requires an adjective to modify roses—so no -ly.

The woman looked angry/angrily to us.
Did the woman look with her eyes, or are we describing her appearance? We are describing her appearance (she appeared angry), so no -ly.

The woman looked angry/angrily at the paint splotches.
Here the woman actively looked (used her eyes), so the -ly is added.

She feels bad/badly about the news.
She is not feeling with fingers, so no -ly.

6.      The word good is an adjective, whose adverb equivalent is well.

Ex:You did a good job.
      Good describes the job.

      You did the job well.
      Well answers how.

      You smell good today.
Good describes your fragrance, not how you smell with your nose, so using the adjective is correct.

You smell well for someone with a cold.
You are actively smelling with your nose here, so use the adverb.

7.      The word well can be an adjective, too. When referring to health, we often use well rather than good.

Ex: You do not look well today.
             I don't feel well, either.

8.      Adjectives come in three forms, also called degrees. An adjective in its normal or usual form is called a positive degree adjective. There are also the comparative and superlative degrees, which are used for comparison, as in the following examples:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
sweet	sweeter	sweetest
bad	worse	worst
efficient	more efficient	most efficient

A common error in using adjectives and adverbs arises from using the wrong form of      comparison. To compare two things, always use a comparative adjective:

Ex: She is the cleverer of the two women (never cleverest)

The word cleverest is what is called the superlative form of clever. Use it only    when comparing three or more things:

Ex: She is the cleverest of them all.

Incorrect: Chocolate or vanilla: which do you like best?

Correct: Chocolate or vanilla: which do you like better?

9.      There are also three degrees of adverbs. In formal usage, do not drop the -ly from an adverb when using the comparative form.

Incorrect: She spoke quicker than he did.

Correct: She spoke more quickly than he did.

Incorrect: Talk quieter.

Correct: Talk more quietly.

10.   When this, that, these, and those are followed by a noun, they are adjectives. When they appear without a noun following them, they are pronouns.

      Ex:This house is for sale.
            This is an adjective.

            This is for sale.
            This is a pronoun.

Adjectives after Linking Verbs

1.     Adverbs after Verbs

A regular verb is followed by an adverb. The adverb describes the verb

(Subject) + (regular verb) + (adverb)

Ex: Matthew spoke nicely

2.     Adjectives after Vebs

A linking verb is followed by an adjective. The adjective describes the subject

(Subject) + (linking verb) + (adjective)

Ex: Matthew looks nice

3.     Adjectives and Adverbs after Verbs

It is possible for a linking verb to be followed by an adverb and a adjective. The adverb describes the adjective, and the adjective describe the subject

Ex: Matthew seems unusually nice

4.     Linking Verbs

Ex: appear, feel, seem, be, become, look. smell, taste, prove

Present Participle

1.     Examples of Present Participles Being Used As Adjectives

The Verb	The Present Participle
To run	running water
To clear	clearing area
To shoot	shooting target

2.     Present Participles in Participle Phrases

·        My friend is next to the guy wearing the blue jacket.

(The participle phrase wearing the blue jacket describes the guy.)

·        I know a pond teeming with fish.

(The participle phrase teeming with fish describes a pond. )

3.     Present Participles Used in Verb Tenses

The 4 Past Tenses	Example
past progressive tense	Matthew was talking
past perfect progressive tense	Matthew had been talking
The 4 Present Tenses	Example
present progressive tense	I am talking
present perfect progressive tense	I have been talking
The 4 Future Tenses	Example
future progressive tense	I will be talking
future perfect progressive tense	I will have been talking
Past Participle Examples of Past Participles Being Used As Adjectives Here are some examples of past participles being used as adjectives: The Verb The Past Participle To swell swollen eyes To freeze frozen plate To ruin ruined cake Past Participles in Participle Phrases  A participle phrase acts like an adjective. In the examples below, the participle phrases are shaded and the past participles are in bold: The boy taken to hospital has recovered. (The participle phrase taken to hospital describes the boy.) Matthew a heart wracked with sorrow. (The participle phrase wracked with sorrow describes a heart.) Reference :Read more about participle phrases. Examples of Past Participles Used as Adjectives Example being used as adjectives: Scandal is gossip made tedious by morality. (Oscar Wilde, 1854-1900) The enemy is anybody who's going to get you killed, no matter which side he's on. (Joseph Heller, 1923- 1999) Past Participles Used in Verb Tenses The 4 Past Tenses Example simple past tense She freeze past progressive tense She was freezing past perfect tense She had frozen past perfect progressive tense She had been frozen The 4 Present Tenses Example simple present tense She froze present progressive tense She is freezing present perfect tense She has frozen present perfect progressive tense She has been frozen The 4 Future Tenses Example simple future tense She will freeze future progressive tense She will be freezing future perfect tense She will has frozen future perfect progressive tense She will has been frozen Past Participle after “have” 1.     Have,Has,Having,Had + Past Participles (v3) Ex: We had completed the work We = Subject Had =  verb Completed = past participles v3 Matthew has gone to the market Matthew = Subject Has = verb Gone = past participles v3 Present/Past Participle after ‘be’ 1.     Is/am/are + present participles(v-ing)/ past participles v(3) 2.     Was/were present participles(v-ing)/ past participles v(3) 3.     Be/been/being present participles(v-ing)/ past participles v(3)

Ex: They are turning on all the lamps (active meaning)

Describe that they do it now, in time

The dooris locked in the evening (passive meaning)

MODAL AUXILIARIES

Present                   Affirmative		Negative
can		cannot	can't
could		could not	couldn't
may		may not	--
might		might not	--
ought to		ought not to	oughtn't to
need		need not	needn't
shall		shall not	shan't
should		should not	shouldn't
will		will not	won't
would		would not	wouldn't

- Can and could refer to to ability to do something, but not to the doing of it
Ex: He had a motorbike accident at the age of eighteen and after that he couldn't walk
- to talk about a future possibility you can use may or might
Ex: Matthew may/might arrive tomorrow
- to talk about a present or future certainy, use will + simple/continous infinitive
Ex: you can phone Matthew, he will be at home now.
- For advice, obligation,necessity use : Should,ougt to,must,need.
1. To give advice, use should/ought to
Ex: You should/ought to try and lose some weight.
2. To talk about obligation, use must,mustn't
Ex:  We must get up early tomorrow. We've get a lot to do.
       You shall not pass!
       You need to get up early
-For asking for help use will/would
Ex: Will/would you help me?
SENTENCE STRUCTURE

• Simple sentences: simple sentence is an independent clause with no conjunction or dependent clause.
• Ex: My younger sister speaks english well.
• Compound sentences:  compound sentence is two independent clauses joined 
•  conjunction (e.g., and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so).
• Ex: Matthew loves her but she doesn't love him.
• Complex sentences: complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. 
• Ex: I've always known that he hated me.
•  Subordinators can refer to the subject (who, which), the sequence/time (since, while)
• Compound-complex sentences: compound-complex sentence contains multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
•  sentences will contain both conjunctions and subordinators.
• Ex: I wanted to travel after I graduated from college; however, I had  to go to work immediately because  I had to support my family.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Adverb Clause of Time

Adverb clauses of time -> when  
‘when’, ‘whenever’, ‘before’, ‘after’, ‘as’, ‘while’ ‘until’, ‘as soon as’, and ‘since’:

• I stopped eating when I saw him.
• Deren gets happy whenever he sees a star.
• I’ll do my task before I go back to work.
• Wajeeb went home after the movie ended.
• Matthew watched his girlfriend as he prepared the dish.
• He washed the cloth while his mother cleaned the bathroom.
• She will come to you as soon as She finish studying.
• Desty hasn’t stopped working since she arrived.

Adverb Clause of Place

Adverb clauses of place -> where 
‘where’, ‘wherever'.

• Wherever I go, I always see him.
• I’m not sure where Jason at right now.

Adverb Clause of Condition

Adverb clauses of condition -> if. 
 ‘unless’

• He won’t get a change unless he tries harder.

Adverb Clause of Manner

Adverb clauses of manner -> how .
‘like’

• He talked to me like I was a child.

NOUN CLAUSE

-Noun clause after certain adjectives, ex: happy, glad, delighted, upset, worried
-Noun clause after a large number of abstract nouns, ex: belief, idea, fact,  hope

ADJECTIVE/RELATIVE CLAUSE

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AGREEMENT AFTER PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
Subject/verb agreement is simple: if the subject of a sentence is singular, then the verb must be singular; if the subject of the sentence is plural, then the verb must be plural.

The dog barks at night.

The dogs bark at night.

In the first example, the singular subject dog requires a singular verb, barks. In the second example, the plural subject dogs requires a plural verb, bark.

 AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

 Most (of the meal) was delicious.
             SINGULAR

Most (of the meals) were delicious.
               PLURAL

Most (of the food) was delicious.
       UNCOUNTABLE

In the first example, the subject most refers to the singular noun meal, so the correct verb is therefore the singular verb was. In the second example, the subject most refers to the plural noun meals, so the correct verb is the plural verb were. In the third example, the subject most refers to the uncountable noun food, so the correct verb is therefore the singular verb was.

AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS

Certain words in English are always grammatically singular, even though they might have plural meanings.

Everybody in the theater are watching* the film seriously.

  Everybody is singular and requires a singular verb. The plural verb are watching should be changed to the singular verb is watching.

The following chart lists the grammatically singular words that have plural meanings.

-ANYBODY, EVERYBODY, NOBODY, SOMEBODY, EACH(+NOUN), ANYONE, EVERYONE, NO ONE, SOMEONE, EVERY(+NOUN), ANYTHING, EVERYTHING, NOTHING, SOMETHING

PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
-He discussed the problem with the nurse and the doctor.
-The professor was knowledgeable but boring.
-She hikes, jogs, or rides her bicycle whenever she can.
-There are meetings in the morning, in the afternoon, and in the evening.
-You can do the work because you want to do it or because you have to do it.
In the first example, two nouns are joined by the coordinate conjunction and. In the second example, two adjectives are joined by the coordinate conjunction but. In the third example, there are verbs are joined by the coordinate conjunction or. In the fourth example, three phrases are joined by the coordinate conjunction and. In the last example, two clauses are joined by the coordinate conjunctions or.
( SAME STRUCTURE )     AND    ( SAME STRUCTURE)

                                             BUT

                                              OR

(SAME STRUCTURE), (SAME STRUCTURE),      AND    (SAME STRUCTURE)
                                                                                      BUT
                                                                                      OR

PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS

The paired conjunctions both …… and, either …… or; neither …… nor; and not only ….. but also require parallel structures.

PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUNCTION
Both	(same structure)	And	(same structure)
Either		Or
Neither		Nor
not		But also